Exosomal mediators in sepsis and inflammatory organ injury: unraveling the role of exosomes in intercellular crosstalk and organ dysfunction

Table 1 The association between exosomes and function of different immune cells

Donor cells	Exosomal cargo	Recipient cells	Function	Reference
Macrophages, DCs	Leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes	PMNs	Induction of PMN migration	[29]
Platelets	12-lipoxygenase, secretory phospholipase A2-IIA	PMNs	Pro-inflammatory responses	[30]
Macrophages	NADPH oxidase-derived ROS	PMNs	Triggering PMN necroptosis, amplification of inflammation	[31]
PMNs	miR-30d-5p	Macrophages	Induces macrophage pyroptosis in ALI	[32]
MSCs	miR-21-5p	Macrophages	Regulates inflammatory response, promotes repair after myocardial injury	[33, 34]
DCs	MHC-peptide complexes, co-stimulatory molecules	T cells, DCs	Antigen presentation, activation of memory, and naive T cells	[35,36,37,38]
APCs	Specific antigens	T and B cells	Stimulation of T and B cells, development of immune memory	[39, 40]
MSCs	miRNAs	T cells	Modulates proliferation and activation, phenotype shifts, cytokine reduction	[41, 42]
T cells	tRNA fragments, immunoregulatory cytokines	DCs, T cells	Regulates immune response, activation of antiviral pathways, feedback inhibition	[43, 44]

DCs dendritic cells, PMNs neutrophils, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, APCs antigen-presenting cells, tRNA transfer RNA, ROS reactive oxygen species, ALI acute lung injury, MHC major histocompatibility complex, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

ISSN: 2054-9369