Table 3 Application of immune cell-based DDS in ischemic stroke
From: Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system
Immune cells | Components | Loaded drugs/nanoparticles | Methods | Model | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neutrophil | Cell | cRGD-modified liposome (Edaravone) | Trojan horse | MCAO model | – | [144] |
Cell | Neutrophil-targeted polymeric nanoparticles | Trojan horse | MCAO model | – | [145] | |
Membrane | Mesoporous Prussian blue nanozyme | Hypotonic lysis and homogenizer Co-extrusion | MCAO model | Reduce the recruited neutrophils Promote microglia polarization from M1 to M2 Decrease apoptosis of neurons Upregulate neurogenesis | [146] | |
Nanovesicles | Resolvin D2 | Centrifugal separation; Sonication and incubation | MCAO model | Suppression of inflammation | [147] | |
Macrophage | Cell | Spleen-targeted glabridin-loaded nanoparticles | Trojan horse | MCAO model | Enhance the polarization of Mo/Mϕ into M2-macrophages in the spleen Inhibit the inflammatory cascade in the penumbra | [157] |
Exosomes | Edaravone | Incubation and centrifugal separation (pre-loading) | MCAO model | Reducing the damage and death of neuronal cells Promote the polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 | [158] | |
Exosomes | CUR | Incubation and centrifugal separation (pre-loading) | MCAO model | Alleviate BBB damage Suppress mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis | [159] | |
Exosomes | LPS-induced macrophage exosomes | Ultrafiltration | MCAO model | Promote the conversion of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotypes Reduced M1 microglia-induced neuronal toxicity | [160] | |
Membrane | Fingolimod-loaded MnO2 nanoparticles | Hypotonic lysis, freezing and thawing, and homogenizer Co-extrusion | MCAO model | Reduce oxidative stress Modulate inflammatory microenvironment Reinforce the survival of damaged neuron | [161] | |
Membrane | Tetramethylpyrazine-loaded ROS-responsive nanoparticles | Lysis buffers and homogenizers Co-extrusion | MCAO mode | Eliminate ROS Promote the regeneration of neural cells Suppression of inflammation | [162] | |
Membrane | CUR-loaded ROS-responsive nanoparticles | Lysis buffers and homogenizers Co-extrusion | MCAO model | Eliminate ROS Promote the regeneration of neural cells Suppression of inflammation | [163] | |
Membrane | BA loaded liposome | Sonication and centrifugal; Co-extrusion | MCAO model | Improve the circulation of BA in blood Improve neuroprotective effect | [164] | |
Microglia | Membrane | Catalase-loaded acid-responsive nanoparticle | Lysis buffers and co-extrusion | MCAO model | Eliminate excessive Fe2+ in-situ Eliminate ROS Promote microglia polarization from M1 to M2 | [165] |