Fig. 1

Research articles based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) (not SEER-Medicare) that had been published in journals from 1998 to 2022 searched by PubMed. The joinpoint analysis program chose the most suitable loglinear regression model to detect calendar years (known as “joinpoints”) with significant changes in APCs, allowing for the minimum number of joinpoints necessary to fit the data. Joinpoint regression analyses detected three segments (1998 – 2008, 2008 – 2015, and 2015 – 2022) that had significant APC changes in the number of published papers. The diamond dots reflect the observed value, whereas the line formed via joinpoint analysis represents the predicted value. The data were assessed on April 23, 2023. Asterisks (*) represent a P-value less than 0.05. APC annual percentage change