Table 1 Therapeutic reagents targeting ER stress to alleviate degenerative musculoskeletal diseases
Therapeutic reagents | Effects in targeting ER stress | Roles in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases | Level of evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
4-PBA | Assist protein folding | Inhibit ER stress, apoptosis, and cartilage degradation in anterior cruciate ligament transection rat models Inhibit ER stress-mediated osteoclast differentiation in IL-1β-treated BMSCs Protect NP cell from AGEs-induced apoptosis | In vivo In vitro In vitro | [248] [129] [206] |
TUDCA | Assist protein folding | Recover cell proliferation, reduce apoptosis and increase expression of type II collagen in OA chondrocyte Alleviate compression-induced apoptosis and necroptosis of NP cells | In vitro In vitro | [249] [250] |
Salubrinal | Inhibit eIF2α dephosphorylation Inhibit protein translation | Inhibit ER stress-mediated upregulation of MMP13 Stimulate the osteoblastogenesis of MC3T3 E1 and inhibit the osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 | In vitro In vitro | [251] [252] |
Guanabenz | Inhibit eIF2α dephosphorylation Inhibit protein translation | Stimulate the osteoblastogenesis of MC3T3 E1 and inhibit the osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 | In vitro | [252] |
CBZ | Increase autophagy | Reduce ER stress, improve hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, accelerate bone growth rate, and decrease skeletal dysplasia in metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid mouse model | In vivo | [253] |