Fig. 2

Widely applied biomaterials and bioengineering strategies. a The construction of an appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for the maturation of skin organoids, and this can be achieved using natural or artificial hydrogels and various scaffolds. Additionally, 3D printing technology can be employed to recreate the solid structures of the stratum corneum or basement membrane, allowing for precise spatial arrangement of cells. b Three bioengineering strategies have been developed to regulate the microenvironment and microstructure of skin organoids with precision. The air–liquid interface approach intervenes in the gas-phase environment and promotes keratinocyte differentiation. Microplasticity enables the correct and orderly arrangement of different intercellular compartments. Microfluidics provides artificial conduits for endothelial growth and allows for precise control over the timing and quantification of material input to the system. DECM decellularized extracellular matrix