Fig. 7

Four major signaling pathways of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for skin repair. MSC-derived EVs affect the wound repair process through a series of signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the Rho/ROCK/YAP axis signaling pathway. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference. PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt protein kinase B, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, Smad Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic proteins, Wnt wingless/integrated, ROCK Rho-associated protein kinase, YAP Yes-associated protein, RTKs receptor tyrosine kinases, Ras Ras protein, PIP2 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, PIP3 phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, PDK phosphoinositide-dependent kinases, PKB protein kinase B, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, FAK focal adhesion kinase, Rho Ras homology, GTPase guanosine triphosphate hydrolases, TEAD YAP-transcriptional enhancer factor domain family member, ENFs Engrailed-1 lineage-negative fibroblasts, EPFs Engrailed-1 lineage-positive fibroblasts, LRP low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, GSK glycogen synthase kinase, APC adenomatous polyposis coli, ICG indocyanine green, TCF/LEF T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor