Fig. 5

Major events in each phase of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)-promoted skin repair. EVs work through the factors in the four phases to accelerate hemostasis, regulate inflammation via processes such as macrophage polarization, promote angiogenesis and cell proliferation, and exhibit anti-aging and anti-scarring abilities. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference. M1 M1 macrophage, M2 M2 macrophage, IL interleukin, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor-α, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, ROS reactive oxygen species, TIMP tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, ECM extracellular matrix