Fig. 4

Schematic diagram of the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on wound repair. EVs promote axon and Schwann cell proliferation via BDNF, NGF, CNTF, and miRNAs. The VEGF, PDGF, and miRNAs within the EVs promote endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. EVs also participate in keratinocyte differentiation and facilitate the de novo synthesis of ceramides. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs containing Wnt3a and Wnt11 facilitate the reconstruction and proliferation of hair follicles to promote the transition from the telogen to the anagen phase. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference. BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF nerve growth factor, CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, Wnt wingless/integrated, Shh sonic hedgehog