Fig. 2

Diagram illustrating the application of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) in wound repair. a MSC therapy, including native MSC and pre-extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation MSC modifications. b EV therapy, including native EVs, engineered EVs, and EV-mimetic nanovesicles. c Wound dressing therapy. For wound treatment, either a/b/c therapy alone or a combination of a/b with c can be used. The red arrows represent three modified natural EV methods, including pre-isolation modifications (i), internal modifications (ii), and surface modifications (iii). The green arrows represent EV-mimetic nanovesicle production methods such as top-down (i) and bottom-up (ii). The blue arrows show the combination strategies for wound dressing. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference. Ag antibacterial material, ECM extracellular matrix, PEG polyethylene glycol, PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolic-acid