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Fig. 6 | Military Medical Research

Fig. 6

From: A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities

Fig. 6

An overview on psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological mechanisms after SCI. Herein, the different mechanisms integrated into the complex network of the PNIE after SCI are summarized. As shown, the psychological (P) influences and is influenced by neurological (N) disruption, immune (I) dysfunction and endocrine (E) dysregulation, all of them also related to gut dysbiosis and other multisystem alterations. Despite the multiple interactions between these components. SCI Spinal cord injury; SCFA Short-chain fatty acid; HPA Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

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Military Medical Research

ISSN: 2054-9369