Fig. 1From: The role of the immune microenvironment in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration: from mechanism to therapeutic opportunityImportant immune molecules and signaling during tissue regeneration. Four continuous and overlapping stages involved in tissue regeneration process, including hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling. These stages were tightly controlled and the development of these stages is dependent on the regulatory roles of immune cells, particularly at the inflammatory stage, thus determining the effectiveness of the subsequent repair and remodeling stages. MMPs matrix metalloproteinases, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, NK natural killer, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, TIMPs tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, CCL2 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ interferon gamma, ILC1 unconventional NK cells, PGDF-BB platelet-derived growth factor BBBack to article page