From: Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases
Biomarker | Type of disease | Method | Medium | Significance | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-29 | Liver cirrhosis | qPCR | Serum | Lower levels show disease progression | [37] |
miR-29a | Liver fibrosis | qPCR | Serum | Low levels show advanced liver fibrosis | [38] |
miR-122/miR-155 | Acute and chronic liver injury | TaqMan MicroRNA assay | Serum and plasma | Upregulated in hepatocytes and a central regulator of inflammation | [39] |
miR-30 | Muscle injury, muscle disuse atrophy | qRT-PCR | Skeletal muscle | An interesting biomarker of muscle homeostasis and muscle disease | [40] |
miR-223 | Acute liver failure and liver cirrhosis | qPCR | Tissue and serum | Upregulation restricted to hepatocytes, also showed significantly higher levels in serum | [41] |
miR-21 amplification | Glioblastoma | RT-PCR, microarray, Western blotting, immunohistochemical analysis | Cell lines, CSF | Regulator of EGFR expression, cell-cycle and signaling pathways | |
miR-603/miR-181d ratio | RT-PCR, Western blotting | Tissue, cell line | Coregulators of MGMT expression | [26] | |
EGFR amplification | RT-PCR, Western blotting | Tissue | Enhanced cell survival and proliferation via EGFR-PI3K pathway | [26] | |
miR140-5p/miR301a | GC | RT-qPCR | Saliva | Downregulated in the GC | [32] |
miR-26a/b | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | PCR | Epithelial tissue | Downregulation and function as a tumor suppressor | [43] |
miR‐34a | Brain aging | qPCR | Blood and Plasma | Accessible biomarkers for age‐dependent changes in the brain | [44] |
miR-24-3p | Aging | RT-qPCR array, RT-qPCR validation | Saliva | Nonspecific screening biomarker for aging | [45] |
miR-29a/miR-29b | GDM | PCR | Serum | Downregulated in the GDM | [46] |
miR-150/miR-192/miR-27a | Diabetes mellitus | Microarray profiling | Blood | Correlation between raised levels of fasting glucose and altered levels of miR-27a and miR-320a | [47] |
miR-9/miR-29a | T2DM | qPCR | Serum | Deregulated in T2DM | [48] |
miR-155/miR-181a | T1DM | Microarray profiling and qPCR | Serum | Deregulated in T1DM | [49] |
miR-21 | Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis | Real-time qPCR | Serum | Correlation with the histological grades of inflammation | |
miRNA-let-7a/miRNA-92a/miRNA-648a | Multiple sclerosis | qPCR | Plasma | Significantly lower expression | [51] |
miR-15b/miR-34a/ miR-636 | Diabetic kidney disease | qRT-PCR | Urine | Upregulated in urine pellets | [52] |
miR-21-5p | Diabetic kidney disease | qPCR | Urine | Upregulation and associated with pathogenesis of renal dysfunction | [53] |
miR-21 | Renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy | qRT-PCR | Renal cortical tissue | Targets known fibrotic signaling proteins | [25] |